Multifox - connect to websites using different user names simultaneously

Multifox is an extension that allows Firefox to connect to websites using different user names. Simultaneously!

For example, if you have multiple Gmail accounts, you can open them all at the same time. Each Firefox window, managed by Multifox, accesses an account without interfering each other.

http://br.mozdev.org/multifox/

[ Click on the Images to enlarge. ]

This is a Mozilla Firefox extension which only works on Firefox.

HowTo update Malwarebytes offline?

ISSUE: I need to get the latest database onto a computer that cannot access the Internet.
SOLUTION: You can manually copy the database from a working computer using a flash drive or CD onto the infected PC. Our database file is stored in the following locations.

• Windows XP and 2000
• C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Malwarebytes\Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware\rules.ref
• Windows Vista and Windows 7:
• C:\ProgramData\Malwarebytes\Malwarebytes' Anti-Malware\rules.ref
  
  Note: Starting with Malwarebytes Anti-Malware 1.60, you must also copy the file database.conf located within the Configuration folder which is in the same folder as rules.ref listed above.

Bookmark all open browser tabs at once

Chrome

Right-click on a tab and select "Bookmark all tabs" or hit Ctrl+Shift+D.

Firefox

Just like in Chrome, right-click on a tab and select "Bookmark All Tabs" or hit Ctrl+Shift+D.

Internet Explorer

Click on the "View favorites" icon, then the "Add favorites" drop-down menu. Select "Add current tabs to favorites." You can save a few steps by hitting Alt+Z, then clicking on "Add current tabs to favorites."

This is how to bookmark all your open tabs with just a couple of mouse clicks or with keyboard shortcuts.

Windows XP / Server 2003 Boot Error NTOSKRNL.EXE Is Missing Or Corrupt

Every once in while when you reboot a workstation or server you'll get the famous NTOSKRNL.EXE is Missing or Corrupt error  Windows NT could not start because the following file is missing or corrupt: 

         C:\Windows\System32\Ntoskrnl.exe

It's fairly straight forward to resolve this problem. Start by booting your machine from the install media (CD/DVD or USB Drive) when prompted follow these steps :

- Boot to the recovery console (http://support.microsoft.com/kb/326215)

- Select your Windows installation that you want to recover

- When prompted provide the local administrator password

- Once you are into the recovery console you will probably be sitting at a C:\WINDOWS prompt

- Change the directory to the i386 folder on your CD / DVD drive (If you only have one partition it will most likely be D:\)

- Copy the following files to the C:\ drive

        copy ntldr C:
        
        copy ntdetect.com C:

- Change your source directory back to C:\Windows

- Next you will need to fix your boot record

       fixboot C:

- Most likely you will also have to fix the boot .ini using the bootcfg command

       bootcfg /rebuild

- Add the required Windows installation to your boot list

- Add the Load Identifier (Custom description)

- Add the OS Load Options (/fastdetect)

- Type exit to reboot the machine

Your machine should now be recovered from the NTOSKRNL.exe is Missing or Corrupt" error.

OS BOOT FILES

DOS Boot up Sequence

IO.SYS – A binary file that provides basic input/output interface between the ROM BIOS and the Hardware
MSDOS.SYS – A binary file considered to be the core of the DOS operating system
CONFIG.SYS – A text file used to load drivers and memory managers and also use to configure the system to the user’s needs
COMMAND.COM – DOS user interface loads the command prompt which interprets DOS commands
AUTOEXEC.BAT – A text file that contains setting up display settings, environment variables and routines

Win 9X Boot up Sequence

IO.SYS - I/O files use to communicate with the BIOS
MSDOS.SYS - Loads OS into memory (Also use to configure boot files in windows 9x)
SYSTEM.DAT and USER.DAT - system and user settings (REGEDIT)
CONFIG.SYS - loads device drivers for backwards compatibility
AUTOEXEC.BAT - sets system environment use for backwards compatibility
WIN.COM - Initiates the Windows 9x protected load phase
SYSTEM.INI - use to configure 16-bit windows drivers and critical files
WIN.INI- sets 16-bit windows environment
VxD - loads windows virtual device drivers

Windows 2000/XP Key Boot Files

NTLDR – Found in the MBR this file boots up the Windows 2K/XP operating system
BOOT.INI - is text file that lists the available OS found and tells the NTLDR where to find boot partition
BOOTSECT.DOS – Locates the IO.SYS file so you can start another OS in a dual boot environment
NTDETECT.COM – Loads into protected mode and detects the installed hardware on your system
NTBOOTDD.SYS - On a system with a SCSI boot device, this file is used to recognize and load the SCSI boot partition.
NTOSKRNL.EXE - Windows 2000 Core Files
WIN.COM - Windows 2K/XP command file
HAL.DLL - Hardware Abstraction layer of Windows 2K/XP

Windows Vista/7 Key Boot Files

BOOTMGR – Found in the MBR this file boots up the Windows operating system
BCD (Boot Configuration Data) - is text file that lists the available OS found and tells the BOOTMGR where to find boot partition
WINLOAD.EXE - Loads the Windows Interface
NTOSKRNL.EXE - Windows Vista/7 Core Files
WIN.COM - Windows Vista/7 command file
HAL.DLL - Hardware Abstraction layer of Windows Vista/7

Low-Level vs High-Level Formatting

Many people do not distinguish low-level formatting (also called physical formatting) from high-level formatting (also called logical formatting).

Even though hard drives can be very small, they still contain millions of bits and therefore need to be organized so that information can be located. This is the purpose of the file system. The surface of each cylinder, which is originally uniform, is divided during formatting (by divided we mean of course that the surface particles are magnetised...) into little parcels that can be more easily located.

Low-level formatting

The purpose of low-level formatting is to divide the disk surface into basic elements:

• tracks
• sectors
• cylinders

Remember that a hard drive consists of several circular platters rotating around an axis and covered on either side by a magnetic oxide which, since it is polarised, can be used to store data.

The tracks are the concentric areas written on both sides of a platter.

Finally, these tracks are divided into pieces called sectors.

There are millions of tracks and each has around 60 to 120 sectors.

A cylinder refers to all the data located on the same track of different platters (i.e. vertically on top of each other) as this forms a "cylinder" of data in space.

Physical formatting therefore consists in organizing the surface of each platter into entities called trackers and sectors, by polarising the disk areas using the write heads. Tracks are numbered starting from 0, then the heads polarise concentrically the surface of the platters. When the head goes from one track to the next, it leaves a gap. Each track is itself organized into sectors (numbered starting from 1) and separated by gaps. Each of these sectors starts with an area reserved for system information called a prefix and ends with an area called a suffix
The purpose of low-level formatting is therefore to prepare the disk surface to receive data (and therefore does not depend on the operating system) and to mark "defective sectors" using tests performed by the manufacturer.

When you buy a hard drive, it has already undergone low-level formatting. 

SO YOU DO NOT NEED TO PERFORM LOW-LEVEL FORMATTING!

High-level formatting

Logical formatting occurs after the low-level formatting. It creates a file system on the disks that will allow an operating system (DOS, Windows 95, Linux, OS/2, Windows NT, ...) to use the disk space to store and access files.

Operating systems use different file systems, so the type of logical formatting will depend on the operating system you install. So, if you format your disk with a single file system, this naturally limits the number and type of operating systems that you can install (in fact, you can only install operating systems that use the same file system).

Fortunately, there is a solution to this problem which is to create partitions. Each of the partitions can effectively have its own file system, and you can therefore install different types of operating systems.